How do nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) relieve pain?

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) relieve pain primarily by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins, which are compounds that contribute to inflammation, pain, and fever. By blocking the COX enzymes, NSAIDs reduce the production of prostaglandins, leading to a decrease in inflammation and consequently lowering the sensation of pain.

This mechanism of action is why NSAIDs are commonly used in the management of various pain conditions, including headaches, arthritis, and muscle pain. The therapeutic effect is directly related to the reduction of inflammatory mediators that sensitize pain receptors, thus alleviating discomfort. This pharmacological action highlights the effectiveness of NSAIDs in both treating pain and addressing the underlying inflammation contributing to that pain.